---
description: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), familial vascular leukoencephalopathy. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy
title: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy
image: https://ogcdn.net/9d266224-4307-4b9d-b73f-00c1bdbd4759/v11/Cerebral%20autosomal%20dominant%20arteriopathy/rgba(188%2C%2049%2C%20123%2C%201)/https%3A%2F%2Fopengraph.b-cdn.net%2Fproduction%2Fimages%2F2ed46913-f157-43c3-9418-19fea49af16c.png%3Ftoken%3DUl4O1QAtXTaMUjOfpBooUL-C8jajM-YwYFPrjCtr6ms%26height%3D1080%26width%3D1080%26expires%3D33315971423/og.png
---

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* Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy

# Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy

Peer reviewed by [ Patient clinician team](https://patient.info/authors/clinical)Last updated by [Dr Hayley Willacy, FRCGP ](https://patient.info/authors/dr-hayley-willacy)Last updated 20 Apr 2011

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_Synonyms:_ _**C**_ _erebral_ _**A**_ _utosomal_ _**D**_ _ominant_ _**A**_ _rteriopathy with_ _**S**_ _ubcortical_ _**I**_ _nfarcts and_ _**L**_ _eucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), familial vascular leukoencephalopathy_

## Epidemiology

This is a rare familial form of multi-infarct dementia and other neurological problems due to a defect of NOTCH3 gene on chromosome 19.[1](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-1 "Tournier-Lasserve E, Joutel A, Melki J, et al; Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19q12. Nat Genet. 1993 Mar;3(3):256-9.")[2](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-2 "Cerebral Arteriopathy: CADASIL Online Mendelian Inheritance on Man (OMIM)") There are probably several slightly different but close mutations.  
It is inherited as autosomal dominant, and there are familial clusters. The mutation is in the NOTCH3 gene. There is no difference in incidence between the sexes. Worldwide about 400 affected families have been reported.   
  
 The true prevalence of CADASIL is unknown, but a Scottish study suggested the prevalence of CADASIL in that population was about 2 in 100,000 adults.[3](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-3 "Genetics Home Reference; CADASIL")[4](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-4 "Razvi SS, Davidson R, Bone I, et al; The prevalence of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) in the west of Scotland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 May;76(5):739-41.")

### Risk factors

Usually a parent is affected. New mutations are rare and penetrance is high. Children of affected parents have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.  
  
 Serious hereditary diseases are rarely autosomal dominants as they tend to be self destructive by killing the affected person before he or she can reproduce. However, in CADASIL (as in Huntingdon's chorea) the disease does not usually strike until after the individual has had a family. Genetic counselling is very important, aided if possible by predictive testing.

## Presentation

There are no generally accepted diagnostic criteria but features that may suggest the disease include:[5](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-5 "Chabriat H, Joutel A, Dichgans M, et al; Cadasil. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jul;8(7):643-53.")

* Stroke-like episodes before age 60 years
* Cognitive disturbance (dysexecutive syndrome)
* Behavioural abnormalities
* Migraine with aura
* Family history suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance is usual but not essential

Not everyone presents with all features but the following gives an indication of presentation and chance of occurence, although the figures are based on different series. Findings vary between families and there may be other genetic modifiers:[6](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-6 "Rubio A, Rifkin D, Powers JM, et al; Phenotypic variability of CADASIL and novel morphologic findings. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1997 Sep;94(3):247-54.")[7](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-7 "Opherk C, Peters N, Holtmannspotter M, et al; Heritability of MRI lesion volume in CADASIL: evidence for genetic modifiers. Stroke. 2006 Nov;37(11):2684-9. Epub 2006 Sep 28.")

* CADASIL starts with migraine with aura during the 3rd decade in 30 to 40% of patients. It is followed by ischaemic events between the 30s and 60s, and progressing to dementia and death.
* Death is often during the 6th decade. Most of the recurrent strokes, or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), are classical lacunar infarcts (LACIs). They are not related to hypertension or any other vascular risk factors.
* Subcortical ischaemic events occur in 84% with progressive or stepwise subcortical dementia and pseudobulbar palsy in 31%.[8](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-8 "Chabriat H, Vahedi K, Iba-Zizen MT, et al; Clinical spectrum of CADASIL: a study of 7 families. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Lancet. 1995 Oct 7;346(8980):934-9.")
* Migraine with aura occurs in 22% and mood disorders with severe depressive episodes in 20%.
* In one series there was progressive dementia, gait abnormalities, and, in some, symptoms suggestive of Parkinson's disease.[9](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-9 "Glusker P, Horoupian DS, Lane B; Familial arteriopathic leukoencephalopathy: imaging and neuropathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998 Mar;19(3):469-75.")
* In another series[10](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-10 "Dichgans M, Mayer M, Uttner I, et al; The phenotypic spectrum of CADASIL: clinical findings in 102 cases. Ann Neurol. 1998 Nov;44(5):731-9.") the most consistent finding was ischaemic episodes, usually classical TIAs or lacunar strokes, but occasionally insidious deficits that developed over several days. Cognitive deficits were seen in 59%, migraine in 38%, psychiatric symptoms in 30% and epilepsy in 10%.
* Dementia may start as early as age 35 and, by age 45, over 50% have features of dementia.[11](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-11 "Dichgans M, Filippi M, Bruning R, et al; Quantitative MRI in CADASIL: correlation with disability and cognitive performance. Neurology. 1999 Apr 22;52(7):1361-7.")

### Clinical suspicion

The disease is probably underdiagnosed. The diagnosis should be considered not only in patients with recurrent small subcortical infarcts leading to dementia, but also in the patients with TIAs, migraine with aura and mood disturbances, whenever MRI scanning reveals prominent signal abnormalities in the subcortical white matter and basal ganglia.

## Differential diagnosis

* Multiple sclerosis \- MRI scanning is important to differentiate[12](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-12 "O'Riordan S, Nor AM, Hutchinson M; CADASIL imitating multiple sclerosis: the importance of MRI markers. Mult Scler. 2002 Oct;8(5):430-2.")
* Binswanger's disease (subcortical [vascular dementia](https://patient.info/doctor/mental-health/vascular-dementia))[13](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-13 "Binswanger's Disease; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke")
* Primary angiitis of the nervous system
* Vascular dementia (other forms)

## Investigations

* MRI scans show infarcts within the deep white matter. They are found in the anterior temporal lobe with great specificity and sensitivity. The external capsule is less often involved.
* CADASIL may be diagnosed on the basis of characteristic hyperintensities in T2-weighted MRIs.[14](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-14 "Kalimo H, Viitanen M, Amberla K, et al; CADASIL: hereditary disease of arteries causing brain infarcts and dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1999 Aug;25(4):257-65.") Multiple LACIs located mainly in the basal ganglia and frontal white matter lead to a cognitive decline and finally to dementia. Subtle MRI changes may be seen as early as age 21 and before clinical features.
* The diagnostic pathology of CADASIL is a non-amyloid, non-atherosclerotic microangiopathy. It affects the leptomeningeal and perforating arteries of the brain - the media of these vessels is thickened by eosinophilic periodic acid-Schiff-positive granular deposits. On electron microscopy, this material corresponds to osmiophilic immunoglobulin-like deposits located in close proximity to vascular smooth muscle. The clinical features are neurological but the arteriopathy is generalised and so brain biopsies are not required. Testing can be done on biopsies of skin.[14](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-14 "Kalimo H, Viitanen M, Amberla K, et al; CADASIL: hereditary disease of arteries causing brain infarcts and dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1999 Aug;25(4):257-65.")

Molecular genetic testing can be used for:

* Confirming the diagnosis
* Predictive testing of a potential carrier who has not yet developed features of the disease
* Prenatal diagnosis

The mutation detection rate is said to be in excess of 95%.

## Associated diseases

A Dutch study found that nearly 25% had a history of myocardial infarction.[15](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-15 "Lesnik Oberstein SA, Jukema JW, Van Duinen SG, et al; Myocardial infarction in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):251-6.")

## Management

Management is purely supportive as no effective treatment exists. The possible benefit of low-dose aspirin is unproven. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (eg donepezil) have no significant effect on cognitive function although may have some benefit on executive function.[16](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-16 "Dichgans M, Markus HS, Salloway S, et al; Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: a Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):310-8. Epub 2008 Feb 28.") More research is needed.

## Prognosis

Mean age at death was 53.2 ±10.9 years for males and 59.3 ± 8.8 years for females.[10](https://patient.info/doctor/neurology/cerebral-autosomal-dominant-arteriopathy.htm#ref-10 "Dichgans M, Mayer M, Uttner I, et al; The phenotypic spectrum of CADASIL: clinical findings in 102 cases. Ann Neurol. 1998 Nov;44(5):731-9.")

## Prevention

Prenatal testing is possible. The ethics of testing young people for a disease that does not normally present until later life suggests that it is best left until after age 18\. Fetal testing from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling is feasible.

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###  Further reading and references 

* [Genetics Home Reference](http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cadasil); CADASIL
1. [Tournier-Lasserve E, Joutel A, Melki J, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=8485581); Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19q12\. Nat Genet. 1993 Mar;3(3):256-9.
2. Cerebral Arteriopathy: CADASIL Online Mendelian Inheritance on Man (OMIM)
3. [Genetics Home Reference](http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cadasil); CADASIL
4. [Razvi SS, Davidson R, Bone I, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=15834040); The prevalence of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) in the west of Scotland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 May;76(5):739-41.
5. [Chabriat H, Joutel A, Dichgans M, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=19539236); Cadasil. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jul;8(7):643-53.
6. [Rubio A, Rifkin D, Powers JM, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=9292694); Phenotypic variability of CADASIL and novel morphologic findings. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1997 Sep;94(3):247-54.
7. [Opherk C, Peters N, Holtmannspotter M, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=17008614); Heritability of MRI lesion volume in CADASIL: evidence for genetic modifiers. Stroke. 2006 Nov;37(11):2684-9\. Epub 2006 Sep 28.
8. [Chabriat H, Vahedi K, Iba-Zizen MT, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=7564728); Clinical spectrum of CADASIL: a study of 7 families. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Lancet. 1995 Oct 7;346(8980):934-9.
9. [Glusker P, Horoupian DS, Lane B](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=9541301); Familial arteriopathic leukoencephalopathy: imaging and neuropathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998 Mar;19(3):469-75.
10. [Dichgans M, Mayer M, Uttner I, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=9818928); The phenotypic spectrum of CADASIL: clinical findings in 102 cases. Ann Neurol. 1998 Nov;44(5):731-9.
11. [Dichgans M, Filippi M, Bruning R, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=10227618); Quantitative MRI in CADASIL: correlation with disability and cognitive performance. Neurology. 1999 Apr 22;52(7):1361-7.
12. [O'Riordan S, Nor AM, Hutchinson M](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=12356211); CADASIL imitating multiple sclerosis: the importance of MRI markers. Mult Scler. 2002 Oct;8(5):430-2.
13. [Binswanger's Disease](https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Binswangers-Disease-Information-Page#:~:text=Binswanger's%20disease%20%28BD%29%2C%20also,white%20matter%20in%20the%20brain); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
14. [Kalimo H, Viitanen M, Amberla K, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=10476042); CADASIL: hereditary disease of arteries causing brain infarcts and dementia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1999 Aug;25(4):257-65.
15. [Lesnik Oberstein SA, Jukema JW, Van Duinen SG, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=12861102); Myocardial infarction in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Jul;82(4):251-6.
16. [Dichgans M, Markus HS, Salloway S, et al](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list%5Fuids=18296124); Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: a Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):310-8\. Epub 2008 Feb 28.

### About the author[View full bio](https://patient.info/authors/dr-hayley-willacy)

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#### Dr Hayley Willacy, FRCGP 

##### General Practitioner, Medical Author

MBChB (1992), DRCOG, DFFP, MRCOG (Part 1) MRCGP (2007), DFSRH (2013), MSc - medical education (2020)

Dr Hayley Willacy was an NHS GP working in northwest England, who retired from clinical practice in 2022 after 30 years. 

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